Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development (AJPRD) is a new online international journal allowing free unlimited access to abstract and Full text. The journal is devoted to the promotion of pharmaceutical sciences and related disciplines. It seeks particularly (but not exclusively) to encourage pharmaceutical and allied research of tropical relevance and to foster multidisciplinary research and collaboration among scientists, the pharmaceutical industry and health the health care professionals. It will also provide an international plate form for the communication and evaluation of data, methods and findings in pharmaceutical sciences and related disciplines. Although primarily devoted to original research papers, the journal welcomes reviews on current topics of special interest and relevance.
AUTHORS WHO PUBLISH WITH THIS JOURNAL AGREE TO THE FOLLOWING TERMS: Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 Unported License. that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
Development of Sustained Release Matrix Tablets of Metformin Using Natural Gums as Release Retardants
For treatment of DM there are several available drugs treatment for glycemic regulation. So that systematic management for glycemic index still cure completely still challenges for most of medical scientific fraternity. Thus its now became pathological treatment of disease advancement in perspective. In response to this todays life diabetes mellitus II like metformin hydrochloride. However in case of disadvantages fever compliance gastrointestinal side effect due to bio-half-life required more dose for long term treatment. For advancement according to raise efficacy. The current work aims to develop metformin hydrochloride sustained release matrix tablets using natural gums as release retardants in order to improve therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance. Natural gums like gum acacia, xanthan gum, and guar gum will be studied as hydrophilic matrix-forming agents because to their low toxicity, affordability, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. Wet granulation or direct compression will be used to create sustained release matrix tablets using various natural gum concentrations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dushyant Singh, Vikas Sharma, Dr. Nasiruddin Ahmad Farooqui, Naeem http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Face Serum
This study aimed to develop and evaluate a polyherbal face serum containing guava leaf extract for skincare applications. Nine formulations (F1–F9) were prepared using suitable herbal and cosmetic ingredients and assessed for their physicochemical properties, including appearance, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, washability, and stability.All formulations exhibited good appearance, smooth texture, and acceptable consistency. The pH value was 5.4 within the suitable range for skin application, indicating good compatibility. Washability testing showed that the formulations could be removed easily without leaving any residue on the skin.Stability studies were conducted under room temperature and freezer conditions. F9 formulation remained physically stable throughout the study period, whereas a few batches showed instability under freezer conditions. Among all the formulations, F9 was identified as the optimized batch due to its excellent homogeneity, easy washability, appropriate viscosity (1910 cp), and superior stability. No noticeable changes in colour, odour, pH, or consistency were observed in F9 during the stability study.The findings demonstrated that the developed polyherbal face serum possesses desirable quality attributes, good physical stability, and satisfactory user acceptability. Therefore, the optimized F9 formulation has potential as an effective and stable herbal skincare product for regular facial care.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gadekar Shital Rajendra, Bhalke Rasika Dnyandeo, Nagare Vidya Bhausaheb, Gadekar Monika Kishor, Wagh Anuradha Dattu, Giri Mahendra Ashok http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Formulation and In Vitro Evaluation of Levetiracetam Transdermal Patches
Long-term epilepsy management requires maintaining stable therapeutic plasma concentrations, which is often challenging with orally administered Levetiracetam because of its short dosing interval requirements and extensive hepatic first-pass metabolism. The present investigation aimed to formulate and evaluate a novel matrix-type transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) employing a synergistic combination of natural Ficus carica fruit mucilage and synthetic polymers, namely HPMC K100 and Eudragit S100, to achieve sustained and controlled drug release. Five formulations (LTP1–LTP5) were prepared using the solvent casting method. The developed transdermal patches were evaluated for various physicochemical parameters, including weight variation, thickness, folding endurance, and drug content uniformity. Compatibility and possible molecular interactions between the drug and polymers were analyzed using FT-IR spectroscopy, while in vitro drug diffusion studies were performed using a Franz diffusion cell over a 24-hour period.FT-IR analysis confirmed the absence of significant drug–polymer interactions, indicating the chemical stability of Levetiracetam within the polymeric matrix. The prepared patches demonstrated satisfactory uniformity, with drug content ranging from 97.5% to 99.4% and thickness values between 138 and 148 μm. Mechanical characterization revealed good flexibility and durability, with folding endurance values reaching up to 172 folds. Among all formulations, LTP4 containing an optimized ratio of natural and synthetic polymers showed the best performance, exhibiting a cumulative drug release of 98.85% over 24 hours, following matrix diffusion-controlled release kinetics.The study concludes that the optimized LTP4 transdermal patch successfully provided sustained release of Levetiracetam and may serve as a promising non-invasive alternative to conventional oral therapy, potentially improving therapeutic efficacy, patient compliance, and long-term epilepsy management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bariki Rajasekhar, Avula Bhojaraju, G Vinod Kumar Reddy, Gudipogula Susmitha, Harijana James, Kammara Jyothi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Formulation and Evaluation of Polyherbal Anti-Tanning Soap
Among the three formulations, F3 showed the most Polyherbal soaps are topical formulations prepared using natural plant-based ingredients that offer both cleansing and therapeutic benefits for the skin. The present study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of a polyherbal soap incorporating herbal constituents such as Aloe Vera, Curcuma longa (turmeric), neem (Azadirachta indica), papaya (Carica papaya), and lemon (Citrus lemon). These herbs are well known for their antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti- inflammatory, and skin-nourishing properties. The soap was prepared using a melt-and-pour method, where a soap base was melted and blended with herbal extracts, essential oils, and excipients to obtain a uniform mixture, which was then poured into molds and allowed to solidify.The anti-tanning potential of the formulated soap was evaluated using B16F10 melanoma cells. Melanogenesis was induced by α-MSH stimulation, and the effects of soap extract on cell viability, intracellular melanin content, and cellular tyrosinase activity were assessed. The expression of melanogenesis-related proteins (MITF, TYR, TRP-1, and TRP-2) was also evaluated. Balanced overall performance with good texture, pleasant odour, satisfactory pH, high foam height, and good washability. F2 also exhibited acceptable characteristics but had a slightly higher pH. F1 was more skin-friendly in terms of pH and foam retention; however, its rough texture and poor washability reduced its overall acceptability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Thakare Mayur Nanaji, Dr. Balke Rasika, Yeola Krushna Sunil, Kadam Baneshwar Sunil, Chavan Kuldip Sunil, Dr. Giri Mahendra http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Development and Validation of RP-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Metformin Hydrochloride, Linagliptin and Dapagliflozin in Synthetic Mixture
A simple, accurate, precise, and reproducible reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of Metformin (MET), Linagliptin (LINA), and Dapagliflozin (DAPA) in a synthetic mixture. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a Shimadzu LC-2030 HPLC system equipped with a C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 µm particle size). The optimized mobile phase consisted of Methanol:10 mM phosphate buffer (pH adjusted to 4 using orthophosphoric acid) in the ratio of 65:35 (% v/v), delivered at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, and detection was carried out at 232 nm. The retention times were found to be 2.337 min for Metformin, 3.324 min for Linagliptin, and 12.874 min for Dapagliflozin. The method demonstrated good linearity in the concentration range of 2.5-15 µg/mL for all three drugs, with correlation coefficients of 0.9969 for Metformin, 0.9944 for Linagliptin, and 0.9938 for Dapagliflozin. Recovery studies showed percentage recoveries of 102.89%, 99.20%, and 101.50% for Metformin, Linagliptin, and Dapagliflozin, respectively. The developed method was validated according to International Council for Harmonisation guidelines for specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ). The results indicated that the proposed method is simple, sensitive, accurate, and suitable for routine quality control analysis for the simultaneous estimation of Metformin, Linagliptin, and Dapagliflozin in pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shaikh Munazza Iqbalahmed, Amar M. Raval http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Formulation and Evaluation of Nicotine Polacrilex Chewable Tablets by Direct Compression
Nicotine polacrilex chewable tablets were developed as an effective dosage form for nicotine replacement therapy to help reduce smoking dependence. The present study focused on the formulation and evaluation of chewable tablets using suitable excipients to improve taste, stability, and drug release. Tablets were prepared by the direct compression method using ingrediaents such as mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium starch glycolate, and flavouring agents. Pre-compression studies indicated good flow properties of the powder blend, ensuring uniform tablet formation. The prepared tablets were evaluated for various parameters including weight variation, hardness, friability, thickness, disintegration time, and in-vitro drug release. All formulations complied with pharmacopeial limits, showing acceptable mechanical strength and rapid disintegration. Among the formulations, batch NT4 showed the best performance with optimum hardness, lowest friability, and faster disintegration time. In-vitro dissolution studies demonstrated effective drug release within a short period, indicating suitability for rapid nicotine delivery. Overall, the developed chewable tablets offer a convenient, patient-friendly, and effective approach for nicotine replacement therapy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shashank Namannavar, Sneha R Jakaraddi, Dr. Chandrashekar C. Patil, Arjun L Uppar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Development and Optimization of Liquisolid Compact Tablet of Ebastine
Ebastine is a second-generation non-sedating antihistaminic drug indicated for the prevention and treatment of allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria. It is classified under Biopharmaceutical Classification System Class II and exhibits poor aqueous solubility, resulting in dissolution-limited oral absorption. The present work was undertaken to develop and optimize liquisolid compact tablets of Ebastine in order to improve dissolution behavior and pharmaceutical performance. Solubility of Ebastine was evaluated in various non-volatile solvents. Based on maximum drug solubility, Cremophor RH 40 was selected as non-volatile liquid vehicle. Neusilin US2 and Aerosil 200 were selected as carrier and coating materials respectively. Drug-excipient compatibility studies were performed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Differential Scanning Calorimetry. The formulation was optimized using Design Expert® version 10 software by response surface methodology employing 3² full factorial design. Drug concentration in liquid medication (Cd) and carrier-coating ratio (R) were selected as independent variables, while angle of repose and cumulative percentage drug release at 20 minutes were selected as dependent responses. The optimized formulation was obtained with Cd value of 15.0 and carrier-coating ratio of 26.7. Validation batches confirmed close agreement between predicted and observed values. Crospovidone was selected as suitable superdisintegrant and optimized at 7%. The optimized formulation showed acceptable flow properties and post-compression characteristics. Comparative dissolution study demonstrated faster release than marketed conventional tablet. FTIR studies confirmed compatibility between drug and excipients. DSC and PXRD analysis indicated reduced crystallinity and improved dispersion of drug in final formulation. Accelerated stability study at 40 ±2°C and 75 ±5% RH for one month showed no remarkable change in tablet characteristics. The study confirmed that liquisolid compact technology is a promising and effective approach for enhancing dissolution of poorly water-soluble Ebastine.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jaymina Panthaki, Dr. Shruti Barot, Amar M. Raval, Dr. Khushboo Vaghela http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
In Silico Evaluation of Diterpenoids from Jatropha curcas Roots as Potential HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors for Hyperlipidemia Management
Hyperlipidemia is a major metabolic disorder characterized by elevated levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, predisposing individuals to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. Although statins remain the first-line therapy through inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, their long-term use is associated with adverse effects, including hepatotoxicity and myopathy. This has fueled interest in identifying safer, plant-derived alternatives. Jatropha curcas, a medicinal plant traditionally used for various ailments, is particularly rich in bioactive diterpenoids in its root extracts. These secondary metabolites exhibit a wide spectrum of pharmacological properties, yet their potential in lipid-lowering therapy remains underexplored.The present study aimed to evaluate the binding affinity and interaction profile of selected diterpenoids from J. curcas roots against HMG-CoA reductase using molecular docking. Ligands were retrieved from published phytochemical reports and optimized, while the crystal structure of HMG-CoA reductase (PDB ID: 1HWK) was prepared by removing water molecules and heteroatoms. Docking was performed using AutoDock Vina, and results were visualized with Discovery Studio. Among the tested compounds, [ Curcusone B] exhibited the lowest binding energy (-9.1 kcal/mol), forming stable hydrogen bonds with key active site residues such as Lys735, Glu559, and Ser684, comparable to the reference drug atorvastatin. Other diterpenoids such as [Jatropholone B (-8.9 kcal/mol)] also demonstrated favorable interactions, suggesting their potential as natural HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. These findings highlight the promise of J. curcas diterpenoids as lead candidates for hyperlipidemia management, providing a strong rationale for further in vitro and in vivo validation. Overall, this study emphasizes the relevance of in silico approaches in accelerating the discovery of plant-based lipid-lowering agents.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ritu Kumari Singh, Nitesh Chandel, Dr. Dhaval Patel, Dr. Pankti Dalwadi, Ketan Rathod http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
An Air Purifying Herbal Mosquito Repellent Candle with Stress Relief Activity
Copyright (c) 2026 Pangavhane Ajay Balasaheb, Shaikh Faizan Julfekhar, Bansode Pavan Baban, Ingale Sakshi Ravindra, Girimahendra Ashok, Bhalke Rasika Dnyandeo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Formulation Development and Evaluation of Transdermal Patches of Diclofenac sodium as a Analgesics
Diclofenac is commonly prescribed for the treatment of pain, inflammation, and arthritic disorders. However, oral administration of diclofenac may lead to gastrointestinal side effects and extensive first-pass metabolism, which can reduce its therapeutic effectiveness. Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) provide an alternative method of administration by delivering the drug through the skin in a controlled manner. This research describes the formulation and evaluation of diclofenac transdermal patches prepared using different polymers, plasticizers, and permeation enhancers. Various preparation techniques, including solvent casting and solvent evaporation methods, are discussed. The review also summarizes important evaluation tests such as thickness, weight uniformity, folding endurance, drug content analysis, surface pH . In addition, the influence of permeation enhancers and release kinetics on drug delivery performance is highlighted. Diclofenac transdermal patches have shown significant potential in improving patient compliance, reducing gastrointestinal complications, and providing sustained drug release. Hence, TDDS can be considered a suitable and promising approach for effective management of pain and inflammatory conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Ehtesham Ansari, Nikita Pagar, Rekha Bornare, Shweta Bhagwat, Dr. Rasika Bhalke http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Functional and Mechanistic Insights into Natural Pharmaceutical Excipients
Natural excipients derived from from natural sources have emerged as promising alternatives to synthetic polymers in pharmaceutical formulations. These excipients offer advantages such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, low toxicity and cost-effectiveness. The present review provides a comprehensive analysis of selected natural polymers, including gaur gum, neem gum, gum ghatti, khaya gum, tamarind seed gum and agar, with emphasis on their physicochemical properties, extraction methods and pharmaceutical applications. Particular focus is given to their role in controlled and sustained drug delivery systems. A comparative evaluation highlights the influence of swelling behavior, viscosity and gel-forming ability on drug release kinetics. Despite their advantages, limitations such as batch variability and microbial contamination restrict their large-scale application. Recent advancements including polymer modification and co-processing techniques, have been discussed. Overall, natural excipients present a promising alternative to synthetic polymers, with significant potential in the development of novel and sustainable drug delivery systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Manager AJPRD http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Preparation and Evaluation of a Poly-herbal Sheet Mask for Enhanced Skin Care Applications
Herbal cosmetics have gained significant attention due to their safety, efficacy, and minimal side effects. The present study aims to formulate and evaluate a polyherbal face sheet mask using natural ingredients such as neem, turmeric, green tea, rose powder, aloe vera gel, and vitamin E. Sheet masks are facial masks made of fabric soaked in nutrient-rich solution that enhances skin hydration and delivers active ingredients effectively. The objective of this study was to prepare a herbal sheet mask and evaluate its physicochemical properties and Stability.The formulation was prepared by combining powdered herbal ingredients with a gel base and then soaking sheet mask into the mixture.The prepared formulation was evaluated for parameters such as pH, viscosity, spreadability,skin irritation and stability. The results showed that the formulation possesses good moisturizing, antimicrobial, and soothing properties. Hence, it can be concluded that the herbal face sheet mask is effective, safe, and suitable for skincare applications.
Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Anti-Sweat Roll on for Summer
The increasing preference for natural and safe cosmetic products has encouraged the development of herbal alternatives to conventional deodorants and antiperspirants. Sweating is a normal physiological process; however, the breakdown of sweat by skin microflora leads to unpleasant body odour. Synthetic antiperspirants, commonly containing aluminium salts, may reduce perspiration but are often associated with skin irritation and safety concerns on prolonged use (1,2). The present study was designed to formulate and evaluate an anti-sweat herbal roll-on using plant-based ingredients such as neem extract, aloe vera gel, alum, and essential oils known for their antimicrobial and astringent properties. The formulation was prepared by incorporating herbal extracts into a suitable aqueous base and evaluated for parameters including pH 5.8, viscosity 450 cps, spreadability 19.5g.cm/s, homogeneity was Excellent, skin irritancy was Absent,and stability was Highly Stable. The developed formulation exhibited acceptable physicochemical characteristics, maintained stability under different storage conditions, and showed no signs of irritation on application. The presence of herbal components contributed to effective control of odour-causing microorganisms. Hence, the study supports the use of herbal roll-on formulations as a safe and effective alternative to synthetic deodorants.
Copyright (c) 2026 Chatur Sneha Nanasaheb, Mate Vaishnavi Tukaram, Kale Pratiksha Dattu, Dhamane Kajal Surendra, Bhalke Rasika Dnyandeo, Giri Mahendra Ashok http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Formulation and Evaluation of Spirulina and Charcoal Peel off Mask
The increasing preference for natural and eco-friendly cosmetic products has led to the exploration of bioactive ingredients for skincare applications. the present study aims to formulate and evaluate a peel-off face mask incorporating spirulina and activated charcoal as key functional components. spirulina, a blue-green microalga, is rich in proteins, vitamins, and antioxidants, which contribute to skin nourishment, hydration, and protection against oxidative stress. activated charcoal is well known for its excellent adsorptive properties, enabling effective removal of dirt, toxins, and excess oil from the skin. The peel-off mask was formulated using polyvinyl alcohol as a film-forming agent, along with suitable excipients such as glycerin as a plasticizer, humectants, and preservatives to enhance stability and usability. the prepared formulation was evaluated for various physicochemical parameters including ph, viscosity, spreadability, drying time, and film-forming characteristics. stability studies and skin irritation tests were also conducted to ensure product safety and effectiveness. Herbal spirulina peel-off mask showed satisfactory evaluation tests, spreadability was 9.7, peelability 18 min, goodstability, and no skin irritation. The formulation with skin-friendly pH 5.6 provided effective cleansing, hydration, and nourishment for healthy skin.
Copyright (c) 2026 Pooja Ganpur, Sakshi Khandagale, Ankita Gupta, Nitish Prasad, Tara Jaiswal, Ojaswi Ghadge http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Formulation and Evaluation of Polyherbal Face Pack
In recent years, the use of herbal products and natural ingredients has gained worldwide popularity because of their safety and reduced side effects compared to synthetic products. People increasingly prefer herbal medicines and natural cosmetic products for maintaining health and improving skin appearance. Herbal cosmetics are formulations that contain bioactive compounds obtained from medicinal plants and herbs. These herbal ingredients not only enhance the appearance of the skin but also provide essential nutrients required for maintaining healthy skin and improving its biological functions. The present project was undertaken to formulate and evaluate a polyherbal face pack prepared using herbal ingredients for cosmetic purposes. Herbal formulations have emerged as a safer and effective alternative for managing various skin problems without causing harmful effects. Skin conditions such as acne, pimples, blackheads, dark circles, pigmentation, and scars are commonly observed among individuals, especially among young people. According to Ayurveda, many skin disorders occur due to impurities in the blood caused by unhealthy dietary habits and lifestyle choices. The herbal paste known as “Mukha Lepa” has traditionally been used for the treatment and improvement of skin conditions. Different skin types require different formulations to provide proper nourishment and maintain healthy skin. Therefore, herbal face packs can serve as a natural, effective, and economical approach to skin care.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kale Aishwarya Yuvraj, Namrata S Ghorpade, Alisha N Sayyad, Karishma S Shaikh http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Enhancing Furosemide Bioavailability Using Liquisolid Compacts With Mixed Solvency Approach
Objective(s): To study the synergy of using both the Liquisolid Technique and the Mixed Solvency Approach for improving the solubility and oral bioavailability of Furosemide, which is a BCS Class IV drug. Sources: An exhaustive review of literature from the field of pharmacy with regards to liquisolid techniques, mixed solvency approaches, and furosemide pharmacokinetics. Summary: The liquisolid technique helps enhance the dissolution rate by incorporating the active substance molecularly in a non-volatile solvent, sometimes resulting in an amorphous state with high energy levels. On the other hand, the concept of mixed solvency resolves the problem of high doses in normal liquisolid techniques by using a combination of safe solvents to increase the amount of drug in the liquid matrix. Conclusion: Integrated technology offers an efficient and flexible strategy for formulation of high dose oral formulations that dissolve faster than conventional drug forms.
Copyright (c) 2026 Krutika Magar, Pooja Dalvi, Pragati Gangan, Shreya Jadhav, Sakshi Ghadigaonkar, Jashoda Chaudhary http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Mental Health Outcomes in Women of Reproductive Age: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study
Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence and severity of depression, anxiety, perceived stress, and self-esteem impairment in women with PCOS compared to non-PCOS controls, and to examine the moderating roles of area of residence, physical symptom burden, lifestyle risk factors, and coping strategies on psychological outcomes. Design: Cross-sectional observational study conducted over three months (July–September 2025). Interventions: Administration of four validated psychometric instruments: PHQ-9 (depression), GAD-7 (anxiety), PSS-10 (perceived stress), and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). Main Outcome Measures: PHQ-9, GAD-7, PSS-10, and RSES scores categorised by validated severity cut-offs; Composite Vulnerability Index risk tier; physical symptom burden score. Results: Of 300 participants (155 PCOS, 145 non-PCOS; mean age 25.66 ± 3.99 years), 94.8% of PCOS women had clinically significant depression (PHQ-9 ≥10) versus 34.5% of controls; mean PHQ-9 15.89 ± 3.97 versus 6.59 ± 7.24. Clinically significant anxiety affected 86.5% of PCOS versus 31.7% of non-PCOS women (mean GAD-7 12.83 versus 5.43). Low self-esteem was present in 65.8% of PCOS versus 11.7% of controls. Rural PCOS women had the highest mean depression scores (16.36 ± 2.96). Family history of PCOS (80.6% PCOS prevalence), short sleep (≤5 hrs: 89.8%), and high junk food consumption (3–5x/week: 85.6%) were strongly associated with PCOS. Conclusion: PCOS imposes a profound, multi-dimensional psychological burden encompassing depression, anxiety, stress, and low self-esteem, further exacerbated by rural residence and adverse lifestyle factors. Integrated, PCOS-specific mental health screening and psychosocial intervention are urgently required in clinical practice.
Prevalence of Text Neck Syndrome and Smartphone Addiction among Undergraduate Health Sciences Students: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study
Nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative approach in modern pharmaceutical sciences, particularly in improving drug delivery system[1,3]. Nanoparticles, due to their unique physicochemical properties, enable targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to specific sites within the body. This thesis explores the principles, types, mechanisms, advantages, limitations, and applications of nanoparticles in targeted drug delivery. Special emphasis is placed on their role in enhancing bioavailability, reducing toxicity, and improving therapeutic efficacy [7,16]. The study also highlights recent advancements and future perspectives in nanomedicine.
Copyright (c) 2026 Luqman Bin Fahad, Ayesha Mahreen http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Comprehensive Review on SNEEDS: A Simple Tool to Enhance Drug Solubility
Many new and current therapeutic compounds still face significant obstacles in their oral delivery due to poor solubility in water, due to this there is poor dissolution, ineffective absorption, and low bioavailability. One of the most promising lipid-based technologies among the different formulation techniques investigated to overcome these constraints is Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SNEDDS). SNEDDS is mixtures of oils, surfactants, and co-surfactants. when this exposed to gastrointestinal fluids it rapidly and spontaneously undergo nanoemulsification, producing ultra-fine droplets that maintain the solubility of lipophilic medications. This review offers a thorough overview of SNEDDS, covering their underlying mechanisms, formulation components, physicochemical factors controlling self-emulsification, and selection criteria for appropriate drug candidates. The importance of pseudoternary phase diagrams in optimizing compositions, the wide range of approaches to characterization that determine their structural and functional performance and both traditional and sophisticated methods for SNEDDS preparation are all summarized in the article. The review also discusses the current issues with scale-up, stability, and clinical translation, as well as the benefits, drawbacks, and broad pharmaceutical applications of both liquid and solid SNEDDS. So these is versatile platform to enhance the therapeutic effectiveness of poorly water-soluble medications can be seen by emerging trends in computational modeling, quality-by-design techniques, and alternative administration routes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Virkhare A Shrirang, Dr. Shrikant D. Pande, Dr.Nishan N. Bobade, Dr. Vikrant Wankahde, Abhishek D. Mankar, Ishika Bijore http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Microneedle-Assisted Drug Delivery: Minimally Invasive Approach for Transdermal Therapeutics
Microneedle-assisted drug delivery has emerged as a promising advancement in transdermal therapeutic systems, addressing the limitations of conventional oral, injectable, and topical routes. Traditional transdermal drug delivery systems are restricted by the skin’s outermost barrier, the stratum corneum, which limits the permeation of most drugs, particularly macromolecules such as proteins and peptides. Microneedles, typically ranging from 50 to 900 µm in length, overcome this barrier by creating transient microchannels in the skin, enabling painless and minimally invasive drug delivery without reaching dermal nerves. This review provides a comprehensive overview of microneedle technology, including skin anatomy, types of microneedles, materials used, fabrication techniques, and mechanisms of drug delivery. Various microneedle systems-such as solid, coated, dissolving, hollow, and hydrogel-forming-offer diverse strategies for controlled and targeted drug administration. Materials ranging from metals and silicon to polymers and carbohydrates significantly influence performance, biocompatibility, and scalability. Microneedles have demonstrated wide-ranging applications in vaccine delivery, diabetes management, cancer therapy, pain management, dermatology, and the delivery of proteins, peptides, and genetic materials. Key advantages include improved patient compliance, avoidance of first-pass metabolism, enhanced drug permeation, and reduced risk of needle-stick injuries. However, challenges such as limited drug loading, mechanical strength issues, manufacturing complexity, and regulatory barriers remain. Recent advances, including smart stimuli-responsive systems, biosensor integration, 3D printing, and AI-based optimization, have further expanded the potential of microneedles. Despite existing limitations, microneedle technology holds significant promise for future healthcare, particularly in personalized medicine, wearable drug delivery, and global vaccination strategies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Pratiksha Ramdas Bij, Aakanksha Andani Gaikwad, Ashwini Buddhiwan Hiwale, Anusha C K, Ganavi Maheshappa Halageri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Pharmaceutical Perspectives on Direct Compression: Formulation and Evaluation of Antidiabetic Tablets
Diabetes Mellitus is one of the chronic diseases that require lifetime treatment through drug therapy. Oral solid dosage forms such as tablets still form a bulk of the drug market due to the convenience, stability, and efficiency associated with them. There are various techniques used in tablet formulation. However, direct compression remains one of the most promising methods used for the production of antidiabetic drugs owing to its simplicity and cost-effectiveness as well as fewer processes involved in it. This paper aims at exploring some of the aspects of the direct compression of pharmaceutical products with special emphasis on antidiabetic drugs' formulations. The classification of drugs as well as the biopharmaceutical aspects of antidiabetic drugs (such as solubility and permeability according to Biopharmaceutics Classification System) is explained.Besides, powder blending, manufacturing of antidiabetic tablets, powder blend evaluation and evaluation of finished tablets as well as their quality attributes are discussed in detail. Other topics covered include recent developments in direct compression, such as use of co-processed excipients, nanotechnology and AI-based optimization. the current regulatory guidance and Quality by Design approach are emphasized.
Copyright (c) 2026 Masira Maksudali Saiyyad, Dr. Deepak D. Sonawane, Abdul Kalam http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Emerging Innovations in Pharmaceutical Drug Delivery and Formulation Technologies: Current Advances, Clinical Relevance and Future Perspectives
Pharmaceutical sciences have undergone remarkable transformation over the past decade due to advances in formulation development, excipient engineering, nanotechnology, analytical techniques, digital healthcare, and regulatory sciences. The increasing prevalence of chronic diseases, antimicrobial resistance, patient-specific therapeutic requirements, and demand for improved healthcare outcomes has accelerated innovation in pharmaceutical technology. Traditional dosage forms often face limitations such as poor aqueous solubility, inadequate bioavailability, instability, limited permeability, and poor patient adherence. These limitations have encouraged the development of advanced oral delivery systems, transdermal formulations, nanotechnology-based carriers, and multifunctional excipient platforms. Recent pharmaceutical innovation has focused on improving therapeutic effectiveness while simplifying administration and enhancing patient convenience. Fast dissolving tablets, gastro-retentive systems, solid dispersions, microneedles, vesicular delivery systems, and nanocrystal formulations have demonstrated substantial clinical and industrial relevance. Simultaneously, advances in analytical method development and validation have improved product quality, regulatory compliance, and stability assessment. Artificial intelligence has emerged as a transformative tool in pharmaceutical research and healthcare practice, contributing to drug discovery, precision medicine, and digital pharmacovigilance. In parallel, growing attention to pharmacovigilance and materiovigilance has strengthened post-marketing safety monitoring and regulatory decision-making. This review comprehensively discusses recent innovations in pharmaceutical drug delivery and formulation technologies, including oral delivery systems, excipient engineering, transdermal technologies, nanotechnology, analytical science, digital transformation, safety monitoring, and future pharmaceutical trends. Emphasis is placed on clinical applicability, translational significance, and future opportunities in patient-centered pharmaceutical care.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amar M. Raval, Fayeja M. Zankhwala, Pratiksha C Chandragirivar, Rakesh S A http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
AI-Driven Pharmacovigilance: Advances in Adverse Drug Reaction Detection and Signal Management - A Review
Pharmacovigilance plays a critical role in drug safety through its process of monitoring, detecting, and preventing adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Traditional pharmacovigilance methods depend on manual data processing together with spontaneous reporting systems which require extensive time for the execution of their work but lack operational efficiency. Artificial intelligence (AI) has developed into a revolutionary healthcare solution during the past several years because it provides organizations with powerful data processing and pattern discovery abilities. The study demonstrates how AI technology functions in pharmacovigilance through its two main functions of ADR detection and signal management. AI-based techniques use machine learning and natural language processing to process extensive data from multiple sources which include electronic health records and clinical databases and social media platforms. The current approaches enable organizations to identify drug safety signals at an early stage while achieving higher precision in their assessment process and conducting ongoing safety surveillance. AI helps organizations to verify their signals which enables them to establish signal importance and make decisions about regulatory matters. The use of AI in pharmacovigilance shows benefits but organizations need to deal with three major obstacles which include data quality issues and privacy risks and regulatory restrictions. The research demonstrates that AI-powered pharmacovigilance systems will enhance drug safety monitoring together with healthcare results while establishing more efficient and proactive pharmacovigilance systems for upcoming development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sumit Dilare, Raj Baghel, Anil Kumar Yadav, Muskan Tomar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
An Overview of Regulatory Authorities in Pharmaceutical’s
Regulatory authorities have an obligation to protect the public’s health by ensuring that drug products are safe, effective, and of good quality. These agencies are responsible for drug development, clinical trials, manufacturing practices, product approvals, and monitoring after marketing. Leading worldwide regulatory bodies, including the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European MedicinesAgency (EMA), Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) in India, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) in Japan, and National Medical Products Administration of China (NMPA), have developed different frame works or guidelines for drug regulation. Although they serve the same purpose, differences in what needs to be approved, time, and regulatory requirements make gaining global access to drugs more difficult. International harmonization, as pursued by the International Council for Harmonization (ICH and World Health Organization (WHO)n),aims to overcome these gaps and ensure a high degree of regional comparability. This review provides insights into the organization, functions, and comparative features of the major regulatory bodies, as well as current challenges and prospects, such as digital health, artificial intelligence (AI), and patient-centred approaches. Enhanced global regulatory coordination is essential for accelerating innovation and enabling the highest levels of patient safety.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ovhal Prabhakar, Chaudhari Bharatee http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Quality by Design Approach in Pharmaceutical
This review aims to clarify the concept of Pharmaceutical Quality by Design and delineate its foundational objectives within the context of drug development and manufacturing. It traces the evolution from traditional quality control, which relied heavily on post-production testing, to the proactive and integrated approach of QbD, emphasizing quality built in at every stage. This systematic approach begins with predefined objectives and prioritizes comprehensive product and process understanding, coupled with robust process control strategies, all underpinned by sound scientific principles and rigorous quality risk management . This transformative methodology ensures that quality is not merely tested into the product but is systematically designed and built-in from the outset, leading to enhanced product quality and reduced batch-to-batch variability. This review will delve into the seven vital elements of QbD, as outlined by the International Council for Harmonization guidelines Q8, Q9, and Q10, examining their interplay in achieving a robust control strategy and ultimately a Quality Target Product Profile. Furthermore, this article will explore the practical implementation of QbD, addressing its complexities and showcasing its applications across various pharmaceutical development stages. By moving beyond traditional trial-and-error methods, QbD fosters a science-based and risk-oriented strategy that optimizes drug product formulation and manufacturing processes. This methodical approach mandates the initial establishment of a Quality Target Product Profile and the subsequent identification of Critical Quality Attributes derived directly from these objectives, thereby guiding the entire development process.
Copyright (c) 2026 Waghmare Rohit, Bharatee Chaudhari http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Comprehensive Review on Topical Treatment Strategies for Tinea Pedis: Formulation Approaches and Clinical Outcomes
Tinea pedis, also called athlete’s foot, is among the commonest superficial mycoses, mainly attributed to dermatophytes belonging to the genus Trichophyton. This disease affects a considerable number of people worldwide, mostly those living in hot and humid climates, wearing occlusive shoes, and with low hygienic standards. The condition can occur in different forms, namely interdigital, moccasin, and vesiculobullous forms, presenting symptoms such as pruritus, scaling, erythema, and pain. The identification process involves a clinical assessment alongside laboratory procedures like KOH microscopy, fungal culture, and molecular diagnostics. While topical antifungal medications represent the principal form of treatment due to their targeted nature, low side effects, and enhanced safety profile relative to oral formulations, the traditional antifungal drugs available, like azoles and allylamines, can suffer from several shortcomings. These include skin penetration issues, extended therapy periods, and rising drug resistance. In response to these limitations, numerous improvements have been made concerning the development of novel drug delivery technologies, incorporating nanocarrier systems, hydrogels, in-situ gels, and film-forming systems, among others.However, challenges like recurrence, resistance, and patient non-compliance continue to be a problem. This article presents an extensive discussion about the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment modalities of tinea pedis using topical therapy. Formulation development is also highlighted in this paper, together with recent breakthroughs and future directions for this common skin disease.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rohit Bhaurao Ingle, pragati gangan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Artificial Intelligence Assisted Design and Optimization of Nanosponges for Targeted Drug Delivery
Pharmaceutical technology has been revolutionized by the new nanotechnology, with the emergence of novel nanocarrier systems for targeted drug delivery systems and controlled drug delivery. Nanoporous systems, such as nanosponges, have been shown to be promising candidates for nanoporous carriers due to their high surface area, tunable porosity, biocompatibility and potential to encapsulate hydrophilic and hydrophobic therapeutic agents. In biomedical applications nanosponges are used to increase the solubility, stability, bioavailaility and controlled release of drugs to improve their therapeutic efficacy. But the conventional method of preparing nanosponge (NS) is largely based on trial-and-error experimentation, which is time consuming, labor intensive and expensive. In recent years, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has proven to be a gamechanger in the field of pharmaceutical formulation, offering a range of predictive modeling, machine learning, deep learning, molecular simulations, and intelligent optimization techniques that can expedite the formulation development process. With the assistance of AI, NS engineering can be integrated to rationally select the polymer, optimize the crosslinking parameters, predict the interaction between the drug and the polymer, assess the toxicity, model the release rate of the drug, and design the personalized therapeutic treatment. AI driven NS systems can also facilitate targeted delivery, stimuli-responsive release, and precision medicine applications. This review highlights the structure of NS, AI methods, computational tools, engineering methods, therapeutic applications, existing challenges, and future prospects for smart NS systems for precision drug delivery.
Copyright (c) 2026 Pranita Waghmare, Sameer Shafi, Shivlila Swami, Madhuri Damane, Ankita Gadhave http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Nanoparticles in Targeted Drug Delivery System
Copyright (c) 2026 Vaidehi Acharya, Hemadri Sharma http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comprehensive Review on Hydrogel as Advanced Platform for Novel Drug Delivery Systems
Hydrogels have emerged as a transformative platform for advanced novel drug delivery systems (NDDS), address ing major limitations of conventional therapeutic administration such as poor localization, uncontrolled release, and systemic toxicity. Their three-dimensional, hydrophilic polymeric network enables exceptional biocompatibility, unable degradability, and controlled drug release kinetics. This review comprehensively explores the fundamental principles, fabrication techniques, and physicochemical properties that govern hydrogel performance in DDS. Special emphasis is placed on stimuli-responsive (smart) hydrogels, including pH-, temperature-, enzyme-, and redox-sensitive systems, which offer precise spatiotemporal control and responsiveness to pathological conditions. The article also highlights biomedicalapplications of hydrogels in oncology, ophthalmology, wound healing, and regenerative medicine, alongside challenges in large-scale manufacturing, regulatory classification, and product standardization. Finally, emerging trends such as hybrid nanocomposite systems and 3D printing are discussed as pivotal strategies for enhancing functionality and facilitating clinical translation. Hydrogels thus represent a cornerstone of next-generation precision drug delivery and personalized medicine.
Copyright (c) 2026 Saurabh V Bodke, Vikrant P. Wankhade, Abhishek D.Mankar, Ishika S. Bijore, Ajay Nemade http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparison of low and high Sodium and Potassium content in ORS by Flame Emission Spectroscopy
A study was carried out to determine the content of Na and K in two different brands of ORS powder by Flame photometric method. The Na content was found to be higher in Govt. supplied sample and K content was higher in the private sample. A study was conducted to compare sodium and potassium content in various ORS powder brands using Flame Photometry (Atomic Emission Spectroscopy), revealing variations in cation concentration compared to standard requirements. Results indicated that while most samples met specifications, some brands showed significant variance in sodium/potassium levels. Flame photometry proved to be a simple, quick, and accurate method for this quantitative analysis. Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS) is widely used for the treatment of dehydration caused by diarrhoea, cholera, and gastroenteritis. Sodium and potassium are the major electrolytes present in ORS and play an important role in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance in the body. Accurate estimation of these ions is necessary because excess or deficiency may lead to complications such as hypernatremia, hyponatremia, hyperkalaemia. Flame Emission Spectroscopy (Flame Photometry) is a rapid, simple, and sensitive analytical technique commonly used for the determination of sodium and potassium in ORS formulations. This review paper compares low and high sodium-potassium content in various ORS formulations using flame emission spectroscopy and discusses the principle, methodology, advantages, and analytical significance of the technique. Studies reveal that flame photometry provides accurate and reliable estimation of electrolyte concentration in commercial ORS powders and solutions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Farin Banu, Kuldeep Wathra, Ranu Sharma, Maya Sharma, Ankit Paliwal http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
In Situ Mucoadhesive Nasal Gel: A Novel Approach for Enhanced Drug Delivery
In situ mucoadhesive nasal gels have emerged as a novel and effective approach for enhancing drug delivery through the nasal route, offering significant advantages over conventional dosage forms such as drops and sprays. The nasal cavity provides a highly vascularized surface, rapid onset of action, and avoidance of first-pass metabolism, making it an attractive pathway for both local and systemic drug delivery. However, rapid mucociliary clearance and limited residence time restrict the efficiency of traditional formulations. In situ gel systems address these limitations by undergoing a sol-to-gel transition upon exposure to physiological conditions such as temperature, pH, or ionic strength, forming a viscous gel that remains in contact with the nasal mucosa. The addition of mucoadhesive polymers further enhances retention by promoting strong interactions with mucin, thereby prolonging residence time and improving drug absorption. These systems utilize a combination of natural and synthetic polymers, along with suitable excipients, to achieve optimal gelation, stability, and controlled drug release. As a result, in situ mucoadhesive nasal gels offer improved bioavailability, sustained release, and reduced dosing frequency, leading to better patient compliance. They are particularly promising for the delivery of peptides, proteins, vaccines, and drugs targeting the central nervous system via the nose-to-brain pathway. Recent advancements, including nanoparticle-loaded gels and stimuli-responsive systems, have further expanded their therapeutic potential. Despite certain formulation and regulatory challenges, these systems represent a versatile and promising platform for advanced drug delivery applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vivek Kashinath Baviskar, Yogesh P. Sharma, Dr. Sunil. K. Mahajan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Nanosponge Innovations: Revolutionizing Targeted Drug Delivery
Nanosponges emerge as sophisticated nanoporous platforms, engineered through crosslinking of polymers like cyclodextrins, ethylcellulose, and polyvinyl alcohol to form stable, three-dimensional matrices with submicron cavities ideal for entrapping diverse drug molecules. These structures excel in overcoming solubility barriers for BCS Class II/IV compounds, leveraging non-covalent interactions, hydrogen bonding, vander Waals forces, and inclusion complexesto achieve loading efficiencies up to 33%, while enabling pH-responsive, sustained release via polymer hydration and diffusion. Diverse fabrication techniques, including emulsion-solventdiffusion, ultrasound-assisted synthesis, microwave irradiation, and melt methods, offer flexibility in tuning porosity, particle size (<1 μm, optimal 200-300 nm for dermal routes), and zeta potential (>+30 mV for stability). Rigorous characterization employs DLS, SEM/TEM, FTIR, helium pycnometry for porosity, and UV spectroscopy for entrapment, confirming biocompatibility, thermal stability to 300°C, and self-sterilizing properties due to 0.25 μm pores. Broad applications encompass oncology (paclitaxel, doxorubicin), antifungals (itraconazole, voriconazole), and topicals, with marketed formulations like Tamodex 20 and Piroxicam-20 validating clinical translation. Advantages include cost-effectiveness, biodegradability, taste-masking, and reduced side effects, though limitations persist, burst release risks, exclusion of macromolecules >400 Da, and scale-up challenges. Future prospects focus on magnetic targeting, greener solvents, and hybrid systems for personalized medicine.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sneha R Jakaraddi, Dr. Chandrashekar C. Patil http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Pharmacochemical Insights of Pedalium Murex L. With Emphasis on Recent Formulations, Phytochemistry and Biological Activities
Pedalium murex Linn. (Family: Zygophyllaceae), commonly known as Bada Gokhru in Hindi and Large Caltrops in English, is a remarkable annual herb widely distributed across arid and semi-arid regions of India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and parts of Africa. It has been esteemed in traditional systems of medicine Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha chiefly for its diuretic, aphrodisiac, anti-urolithiatic, and tonic properties. The plant, particularly its spiny fruits, is rich in diverse phytochemicals including saponins, flavonoids (quercetin, luteolin), alkaloids, sterols (β-sitosterol), tannins, terpenoids (ursolic acid), mucilage, and fixed oils. Scientific validation of its traditional claims has intensified over the past two decades, revealing potent antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, analgesic, antidiabetic, hypolipidaemic, anticancer, and wound-healing activities. Recent pharmaceutical research has focused on development of novel drug delivery systems nanoparticles, phytosomes, liposomal gels, transdermal patches, and PLGA microspheres to overcome limitations of bioavailability and stability. This review comprehensively discusses the botanical, phytochemical, pharmacological, and formulation aspects of Pedalium murex, with particular emphasis on advancements in the last decade.
Copyright (c) 2026 Surinderjeet Kaur, Isha, Mandeep Kaur, Seema Sharma, Dr. Naresh Singh Gill http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Tin Oxide (SnO₂) Nanoparticles in Modern Medicine: Development, Standardization, and Therapeutic Applications
Tin dioxide nanoparticles (SnO₂) represent an extremely versatile class of metal oxide nanomaterials with vast potential in a broad spectrum of modern medical applications. The key characteristics of tin dioxide nanoparticles include high optical bandgap energy (~3.6 eV), rutile crystal phase structure, elevated surface area to volume ratio, remarkable chemical stability, and controllable surface chemistry. Thus, tin dioxide nanoparticles display an excellent array of optical, electrical, and biological properties enabling their exploitation for numerous medical purposes. The current review article offers a systematic investigation of physicochemical properties, synthesis techniques, characterization procedures, standardization criteria, and various biomedical applications of tin dioxide nanoparticles with particular focus on advancements published from 2020 to 2026. Different synthesis techniques (physical processes, such as laser ablation and vapor deposition; chemical synthesis, namely sol-gel process, hydrothermal treatment, co-precipitation, microemulsion; and green synthesis using plants and microorganisms) are analyzed in terms of the underlying mechanism, particle size, shape, and scalability. The mechanisms responsible for the interaction of tin dioxide nanoparticles with biological entities (cellular uptake, protein corona, reactive oxygen species, and apoptosis) are presented in detail. The range of therapeutic applications includes antitumor activity, antibacterial effect, controlled drug delivery, biosensor applications, and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Toxicology data, which includes in vitro toxicity studies, genotoxicity studies, and in vivo organ toxicity data, is carefully evaluated to demarcate the therapeutic window and determine safety limits. Advances in the field such as functionalized nanoparticles, graphene-SnO₂ nanocomposites, doping techniques, and stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems have been mentioned. In conclusion, the paper identifies the critical issues that hamper the clinical application of SnO₂-based nanoparticles and discusses future research directions, particularly related to artificial intelligence, personalized nanomedicines, and GMP-based manufacture.
Copyright (c) 2026 Omkar Dnyaneshwar Chavan, Dr. Deepak D. Sonawane, Mayuri P. Pol http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Solid Dispersion Approaches for Clozapine Solubility Enhancement: A Comparative Review of Solvent Evaporation and Melt Fusion Methods
Clozapine, an antipsychotic belonging to the dibenzodiazepine family, continues to be the benchmark therapy for refractory schizophrenia even after being identified as having a difficult biopharmaceutics profile. The BCS Class II drug is highly permeable but poorly soluble in water (~0.2–0.5 mg/mL at physiological pH), which leads to poor oral bioavailability (27–50%) and high interpatient variability in pharmacokinetics. Solid dispersions are considered among the most potent techniques to deal with this issue through converting the drug from the crystalline form to the amorphous phase suspended in hydrophilic carrier matrices. This paper conducts a comparative study of two key solid dispersion approaches, namely solvent evaporation (spray drying and freeze drying) and melt fusion (hot melt extrusion and melt granulation), when applied to clozapine formulation. The physicochemical and biopharmaceutics characteristics of clozapine are thoroughly discussed regarding formulation design principles. Selection criteria for carriers, which include solvent solubility, glass transition temperature, miscibility indices (Flory-Huggins interaction parameter, χ), and thermal stability, are thoroughly analyzed. The mechanisms responsible for improving solubility, including amorphization, wetting enhancement, prevention of drug crystallization, and drug-polymer interactions, are examined with particular emphasis on current characterization methods such as differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, and dissolution studies. Preclinical and formulation work from 2015 to 2026 is briefly reviewed in the context of achieving 4-10 fold increases in clozapine dissolution and bioavailability. Future directions concerning scale up, physical instability, residual solvents, and regulation, particularly the use of continuous manufacturing and artificial intelligence-based formulation, are explored.
Copyright (c) 2026 Pradnya Nitesh Valavi, Yogesh.P. Sharma, Dr.Sunil. K. Mahajan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Pharmacological Considerations in Vaccination: Age-Specific Strategies for Pediatric and Geriatric Populations
Vaccination remains one of the most effective public health strategies for preventing infectious diseases across the lifespan. However, age-specific immunological differences demand tailored pharmacological approaches in pediatric and geriatric populations. In children, immune immaturity, maternal antibody interference, and safety considerations necessitate fractional dosing, carefully timed booster schedules, and minimally reactogenic adjuvants. Combination vaccines and novel delivery systems, including microneedle patches and intranasal formulations, have further optimized pediatric immunization by reducing injection burden and improving acceptability. In contrast, older adults face immunosenescence, inflammaging, and the added burden of comorbidities, which collectively reduce vaccine responsiveness and durability. Pharmacological strategies in geriatrics emphasize dose intensification, potent adjuvants (MF59, AS01, Matrix-M), and next-generation platforms such as recombinant protein subunits and mRNA-based formulations. High-dose influenza vaccines, adjuvanted shingles vaccines, and recently licensed RSV and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines illustrate this paradigm. Age-related pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic differences also underscore the need for individualized approaches, as clearance, biodistribution, and immune priming vary significantly between neonates and older adults. Safety remains paramount, with febrile seizures in children and multimorbidity-linked adverse events in older adults requiring vigilant monitoring. Emerging innovations, including systems vaccinology, nanoparticle platforms, and thermostable vaccines, promise a future of personalized and lifelong immunization strategies. This review highlights the pharmacological basis for pediatric versus geriatric vaccine design, emphasizing that one-size-fits-all approaches are inadequate. Instead, age-tailored vaccine strategies informed by immune profiling, pharmacological principles, and regulatory frameworks are essential for optimizing protection across the lifespan.
Copyright (c) 2026 Varsha S.Rathod, Dr.Sunil. K. Mahajan, Dr.Chandrashekhar D.Patil, Dipti B.Chavan, Gaurav M.Kasar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Review on AQBD-Based RP-HPLC Method Development for Simultaneous Quantification of Domperidone and Naproxen Sodium in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) has recently become an important methodology used for developing robust analytical techniques.The present review aims at the development of a robust RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous quantitation of Domperidone and Naproxen sodium in the pharmaceutical dosage form utilizing the AQbD principles.Risk assessment tools were employed to identify critical method parameters (CMPs) and critical quality attributes (CQAs), which were then optimized using design of experiment (DoE).A number of chromatographic parameters, such as composition of mobile phase, flow rate, pH, and column choice, have been optimized in order to obtain the optimal resolution and precision.As compared to trial and error techniques, AQbD methodology provides enhanced method robustness and reliability.The developed RP-HPLC method was validated according to the international council for harmonization guidelines, and the specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, and robustness were established for the simultaneous analysis of two drugs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vishal V Kendre, Mahesh J Birajdar, Dr. Balaji M Shetkar, Dr.Kranti L. Satpute http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Mucoadhesive Buccal Tablets: Formulation Strategies, Evaluation Parameters, Marketed Products, and Future Prospects
Mucoadhesive buccal tablets are a promising and patient-friendly drug delivery system designed to improve the effectiveness of medications by enhancing bioavailability, avoiding first-pass metabolism, and providing a controlled release of drugs. The buccal route offers several benefits—it is easy to access, the mucosa is highly vascularized for quick absorption, and drugs can be protected from breakdown in the gastrointestinal tract. This review provides a clear overview of the basics of mucoadhesion, explaining how polymers interact with mucus and the factors that influence how strongly they adhere. Different types of mucoadhesive polymers—including natural, semi-synthetic, and synthetic varieties—are discussed with a focus on their properties and suitability for buccal formulations. The formulation aspects, such as how to choose the right drug, the importance of excipients, and the common methods used to prepare buccal tablets, are also highlighted. Key evaluation parameters like swelling index, mucoadhesive strength, and drug release patterns are explained to help understand how these systems are assessed. Recent developments—including advanced polymers, nanotechnology-based systems, and marketed products such as Fentora® and Belbuca®—show the growing clinical relevance of buccal mucoadhesive tablets. Although challenges remain, such as limited dose capacity and variations in mucosal conditions, ongoing innovations in thiolated polymers, interpenetrating polymer networks, and 3D-printing offer exciting potential to make these systems even more efficient and patient-friendly in the future.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mankar D. Abhishek, Dr. Vikrant P. Wankhade, Ishika Bijore, Saurabh Bodke, Shrirang Virkhare. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Polymeric Nanosponges: A Promising Platform for Improving Roflumilast Solubility
The drug roflumilast, a selective phosphodiesterase-4 enzyme inhibitor that can be used to treat persistent obstructive lung disease (COPD), has limited therapeutic potential due to its poor solubility and bioavailability. The aim of this literature review is to provide an overview of polymeric nanosponges as a novel drug delivery mechanism to enhance the solubility/bioavailability of roflumilast in vivo/vitro. Nanosponges are a type of nanocarrier that can be used to deliver poorly soluble drugs by encapsulating (i.e. solubilizing) these drugs—enhancing drug stability and providing zero order-controlled release. This review examines the fundamental properties of nanosponges including the different types of nanosponges, the preparation methods used to create them, and characterization methods. The role of nanosponges in improving the solubility of roflumilast by increasing surface area, molecular dispersion, and amorphous nature will also be discussed. Several formulation strategies and factors influencing the performance of nanosponges will also be covered. Finally, examples of in vitro and in vivo experiments that show improved solubility/bioavailability of roflumilast using nanosponges will also be presented in this review. In addition, advances in research related to targeted delivery, responsive to stimuli, and environmentally friendly synthesis of nanosponges will be discussed. Although there are barriers to the scale-up production of nanospounges and translational use in the clinic, the potential of polymeric nanosponges as a practical and versatile tool for advancing the therapeutic effectiveness of poorly soluble drugs like roflumilast is considerable.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sarvesh Sharad Bagul, Dr. Deepak D. Sonawane, Mayuri P. Pol, Dr. Sunil. K. Mahajan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Novel Mucoadhesive Film Forming Spray Systems: Mechanism, Formulation Approaches and Therapeutic Perspectives
Mucoadhesive film-forming sprays (FFS) have emerged as advanced and promising drug delivery systems for mucosal administration owing to their ability to prolong residence time, improve drug absorption, and provide sustained therapeutic action. Conventional dosage forms such as tablets, creams, gels, and ointments often suffer from limitations including poor retention, variable absorption, frequent dosing, and reduced patient compliance. In contrast, mucoadhesive film-forming sprays combine the advantages of mucoadhesive polymers and in situ film formation to enhance localized and systemic drug delivery through buccal, nasal, and vaginal mucosal routes. These systems transform from liquid formulations into thin adhesive polymeric films following solvent evaporation, thereby ensuring uniform drug distribution, improved adhesion, flexibility, and prolonged drug release.The present review discusses the anatomy and physiology of mucosal membranes with particular emphasis on buccal, nasal, and vaginal mucosa, including their permeability, vascularization, mucus composition, and suitability for drug delivery. Various theories and mechanisms of mucoadhesion are also described. Additionally, the formulation aspects of film-forming sprays, including polymers, solvents, plasticizers, penetration enhancers, bioadhesive agents, and preservatives, are comprehensively reviewed. Important physicochemical evaluation parameters such as pH, viscosity, spray angle, mucoadhesive strength, washability, permeability studies, and stability studies are highlighted.Furthermore, the therapeutic applications of mucoadhesive film-forming sprays are discussed. Due to their non-invasive nature, improved patient compliance, and enhanced bioavailability, mucoadhesive film-forming sprays represent a novel and effective platform for mucosal drug delivery and hold significant potential for future pharmaceutical and clinical applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Damane Madhuri, Sameer Shafi, Waghmare Pranita, Gadhave Ankita, Swami Shivlila http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0